The narrator of The Autobiography of an Ex-colored Man was...

The narrator of The Autobiography of an Ex-colored Man was born to a â€Å"colored† mother and white father. This combination of his identity led him to encounter many internal and external challenges. Physically he appeared white, so he experienced being able to â€Å"pass† as both â€Å"colored† or white whenever he wished. Being able do such a thing, the narrator struggled with racial boundaries. He embodied almost every permutation, intentional or unintentional, of the experience when encountering various racial (white and â€Å"colored†) communities, eventually deciding to pass as white at the end of the novel. Due to cowardice, instead of representing his race, he suppressed the African-American part of his identity and destroyed his chances of†¦show more content†¦11). Due to his recent revelation to the reality of his identity, he encountered a series of plateaus during which he contemplated whether he should associate with the â€Å"colo red† race or with the white race. He was now aware of his true identity: partially African-American and partially white. From this point onward, he endeavored to understand whether he is black or white. He did not know where he belonged in society. He contemplated his responsibility to his race versus his responsibility to himself. He tried to embrace life as a â€Å"â€Å"colored†Ã¢â‚¬  man at times, and other times he chose to pass as white. His life was full of contradictions and he could not decide which racial community to assimilate in. He eventually realized that his personal identity did not align with the pre-established racial boundaries. A lack of self-awareness tended the narrator’s life to seem frustrating and compelling to the reader. This lack often led him to offer generalizations about â€Å"â€Å"colored† people† without seeing them as human beings. He would often forget his own â€Å"colored† roots when doing so. He vacillated between intelligence and naivete, weak and strong will, identification with other African-Americans and a complete disavowal of them. He had a very difficult time making a decision for his life without hesitating and wondering if it would be the right one. As theShow MoreRelatedThe Autobiography Of An Former Colored Man By James Weldon Johnson Essay2267 Words   |  10 PagesThe Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man, James Weldon Johnson James Weldon Johnson’s novel The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man was first published in 1912. This novel is one of the highly celebrated works during the Harlem Renaissance although it was published prior in 1912. Johnson graduated from Clark Atlanta University in 1894. He was appointed by President Theodore Roosevelt as United States consul to Venezuela and Nicaragua. He also was highly involved in the Harlem Renaissance with hisRead MoreIdentity, Double Consciousness, And Gender1811 Words   |  8 PagesMartaya Hopkins Professor Willie Toliver English 325 21 November 2014 Identity, Double-Consciousness, and Gender: Passing, Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man, and The Blacker the Berry According to W. E. B. Du Bois, activist and author of The Souls of Black Folks, â€Å"†¦ the Negro is a sort of seventh son, born with a veil, and gifted with second-sight in this American world, —a world which yields him no true self-consciousness, but only lets him see himself through the revelation of the other world

Comparing and Contrasting Epic of Gilgamesh and the...

Comparing and Contrasting Epic of Gilgamesh and Noahs Ark Many cultures have stories of a great flood, and probably the best known story is of Noahs Ark. The next most notable is the Sumerian story of Ut-Napishtim found in the Epic of Gilgamesh. In the ancient Babylonian depiction of the flood story, the god Enlil creates a flood to destroy a noisy mankind that is disturbing his sleep. Gilgamesh is told by another god, Ea, to build an ark (Monack 1). The Epic of Gilgamesh has broadly the same structure and plot as Noahs Ark, suggesting the possibility that the Biblical account has drawn influence from the archaeologically older Sumerian depiction. University professor Alexander Heidel concludes that these accounts are undeniably†¦show more content†¦on all sides. However the Biblical record depicts the vessel as rectangular, measuring 450 ft. in length, 75 ft. in width, and 45 ft. in height (Fowler 2). Naval Academy graduate and engineer Chuck Missler maintains that the Biblical dimensions are certainly the more reasonable of the t wo measurements. Interestingly enough, he also notes the 6:1 length to width ratio of the Biblical ark is amazingly similar to that of modern day ships (Fowler 2). More differences between the stories include only minor details. Noah only invited his family and the animals onboard, but Ut-Napishtim invited additional people such as a pilot and some skilled workmen. Noahs ark landed on Mt. Ararat, but Ut-Napishtims ark landed on Mt. Nisir, which is only a few 100 miles away. In the Babylonian account, the water came only in the form of rain; however in the Biblical account water came from beneath the earth in addition to rain. Noah released a raven once and a dove twice, but Ut-Napishtim released three different birds; a dove, a swallow, and a raven (Comparison). Perhaps the differences were intentional in order to make the two stories more unique in their own way. Perhaps the differences are simply two different peoples renditioning of the same story. However, despite the minor differences there are many similarities between the two stories. Indeed the similarities have led some to speculate that these ancient flood stories were

Community based organization free essay sample

community based organization are basically groups which are not profit oriented and conducts most of its duties if not all at the local level to ensure that lives of community members in which it is located or they are working is improved. Community based organisations deal with are wide range of fields in their service delivery to the residents of a given community. Some of the fields that they majorly focus on are: education, rights of the disabled, health, and gender issues just to mention but a few. Mostly the community in which the organization is situated always enjoy the advantage of the organization’s services. Thestructure of the management of suchorganization should constitute people or individuals who are closely identified by the community members. This is because they have same experience in terms of problems experienced by the community and they also have the first hand needs of their people. Having people from the community also enables ease of identification of major initiatives to be carried out in the community to ensure improvement in the state of affairs. another reason why having individuals who are members of the community where the organization is situated is, it promotes willingness and desire to better the live of one`s people as well as helping them. This mainly due to services one will be delivering will be doing it to his own people hence he or she will be playing an integral part in the changing of his communities face. a lot of responsibilities are place on the organization by the government since they are very helpful in developing, collection of concerns , planning and delivering solution to most of the communities problems. By this way they act as gatekeepers as well as storehouse of valuable information for the government on matter pertaining to development and improving of living standards at the community level. Community based organisations are integral organisations in the implementations of most government objectives like improvement in human services delivery, conservation and restoration of natural environment and safety together with revalorization of urban environment. Since to achieve all this sensitization at the grass root level is of big necessity therefore community based organizations plays this role by availing information to the local people hence creating awareness in them. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITY BASED ORGANISATIONS Community based organization are characterized by a properly defined board of governance with the members having full knowledge and information on the organization`s expectations. The leadership is also composed of board members who are aware of the values and the cultures that the organizationesteems. Theboard is always balanced in terms of its membership where individuals from diverse background, with different experience, levels of giving as well as industrial connection make up the full board. Finally the executive director of this organisations are always the spokespersons and they are always individuals with ability to properly articulate the visiontogether with mission of the organization to stakeholders, the media, donors and the public in general. This category of organization is also identified by recruitment of highly competent and performing staff. The staff members’possess a result driven culture and this ensures that the organizations capacity to provide effective services is increased. This is because of availability of enough resource to support its staff hence realization of its set objectives and mission. They are also known for their provision of opportunities which facilitate staffs growth within the organization. The roles and responsibilities of the organizationalstructures are clearly and properly defined this allows for effective operation and accountability of each staff member. And finally, employees` in these organizations are achieved through evaluation of performance data of every individual member of staff which is achieved by staff supervision. To make their work in the community effective, they are known for initiation of long-term visions with clear strategies which can get articulated to the community it is serving as well as the board managing it. They are also having indicators and outcome of development as the basis of measuring their impact to the community astheirmission usually defines how it will judge it success. Above it all this organisations address the legitimate needs of the community bycoming up with and delivering to people programs which are of high quality hence a means to achieving their set missions. Their decisions are also critically made because they are built on data obtained through properly stated indicator and measures of outcome. They also utilize the performance data they collect, since from it they constantly learn and thereafter make accurate changes on their services and this is essential in facilitating quality improvement in their outcomes. BUNGOMA, ORPHANS, HIV/AIDS, POVERTY ORGANIZATION (BOHAP) Founding Just like all the community based organisations, Bungoma, Orphans, Hiv/Aids, Poverty Organization is a non-profit organization which was founded by Mr. Edwin Wamuya Walela together with his wife Ms. Walela in the year 2004. Location The organization is situated in Kenya’s Western province in Bungoma district in Wamunyiri Kabula village. Main objectives The organization was started in order to reach out and create an impact to lives of children who are not been enjoy the help from international aid. Most of them are those left orphans as a result of their parents dying of aid. It is also concerned with creating of awareness on HIV/AIDS and straggle to ensure that the numbers of death caused by aids are reduced to the lowest level. It is geared to prevent new infections by offering advice to the community member on how to prevent contracting the disease and living a safe life. Sponsors The organization is not sponsored by any agency or organization, this is to mean that in implementation of all its programs and projects are financed by the founders. This at time is substituted by volunteers from the community around and other well-wisher in the country. It does its international fundraising and international coordination through a member based in Ireland who also help in facilitating the means of sponsoring the organization by connecting it to other volunteers abroad. Membership It is made up of a committee of eight members who are involved in the planning of its activities and operations in the region. To broaden its services to the community it is based in. The organization is connected to Hill viewpreparatory school where most of children they sponsor attend school AT. It also have connection with A. I. C Bethany crippled children center in Kijabe, Kabula Youth Foundation and Jaed Homestays and Eco-tourism. Role in the community This organization serves the community by creating awareness on HIV/AID to people, this is by educating them on how to prevent oneself from contracting the disease, how to take care of those who are living with aids. They also sensitize the community member on the dangers of engaging in sex out of marriage or before marriage as a measure to curb the increasing spread. OfHIV/AIDS To ensure proper dieting, in those living with aids the organization have initiated a program which aims at donating food to those who are infected and cannot afford proper nutrition. This helps to sustain their health hence reducing incidences of death perpetuated by nutrition. They also donate clothing to orphaned children as well as street children. In schools which they are associated with they donate books to increase the library stock in those schools, and computers together with photocopying machines to the administrations of those schools. These eases the learning and teaching process in the schools. CHALLENGES INADEQUATE CAPITAL The organization has no found stable donors as a result it occasionally suffers the problem of lack of fund to facilitate its activities. This has seen it not meeting some of its set objectives like improving living standards of all the orphaned children in the region. INACESSIBILITY OF SOME PARTS Since the organization is working in a remote village area which is not well supplied with road network, at time it gets tough for them to get access of some needy children in the interior village. As a consequence some go not served or unreached due to the remoteness of some places. CULTURAL VALUES OF THE PEOPLE There are some cultural beliefs which hinder their operation to offer their services to the community. One being belief on traditional medicine, some members of the community do not have trust in the modern medicine hence prefer traditional treatment to going to hospital. This haselevated the level of HIV/IDS infections in the regions since the form of treatment they prefer is not hygienically and acts as channel for transfer of the disease. REFEREES Growth and development Peter Wisely

Synthesis of Aspirin Lab Report Essay Example

Synthesis of Aspirin Lab Report Paper After the reaction was complete some unrelated acetic anhydride and salicylic acid was still be present in the solution as well as some sulfuric acid, aspirin, and acetic acid. Crystallization, which Uses the principle of solubility, was then used to remove most of the impurities and caused the ecstatically acid to precipitate out of the solution. Next, the crude product was then purified by adding water which further lowered the solubility of ecstatically acid and dissolved some impurities from the crystal of aspirin. The aspirin was then isolated from the solution using a vacuum filtration apparatus. The percent yield of crude aspirin product was 91. 89%. To purify the crude aspirin product a rationalizations procedure was performed. The percent yield of the purified aspirin product was 5. 77%. Next a phenol test was performed on the crude aspirin product, the purified aspirin product, and salicylic acid as a control. The phenol test was to test the purity of the aspirin product that was created during the experiment. The crude aspirin product and the purified aspirin product had no color changes and remained orange when mixed with the iron (Ill) chloride solution, which means that there were no phenol groups in both the crude aspirin product and the purified aspirin product. The lack of action with the iron (Ill) chloride revealed that both the crude aspirin product and the purified aspirin product were pure aspirin. The salicylic acid turned into a dark purple color when mixed with the iron (Ill) chloride solution, which was expected since salicylic acid has phenol groups. We will write a custom essay sample on Synthesis of Aspirin Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Synthesis of Aspirin Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Synthesis of Aspirin Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Next a melting point test was performed on the purified aspirin product. The purified product started to melt at 86 degrees Celsius and finished completely melting at 102 degrees Celsius. The melting point of the purified product was lower than the expected 135 degree Celsius melting point of aspirin, which revealed to us that the purified aspirin reduce still contained some impurities. Introduction: As early as 3000 BC ancient cultures such as Greek, Roman, Egyptian, and Chinese found that extracts from plants such as willow bark, meadowsweet, and myrtle possessed the ability to alleviate fever, pain, and inflammation. These plants contain a compound called silicates, which creates these curative attributes. Several of years later the folk remedy of plants containing silicates transformed into the cure-all medication known as aspirin. Today aspirin, also known as ecstatically acid, is an over the counter medication that is extremely popular and is used for relieving pain, reducing fever, reducing swelling, and slowing blood clotting. The history of aspirin began in 1763 when Edward Stone wrote a paper to the Royal Society of London that claimed that willow bark could cure ague, which is now known as malaria. Later it was found that the treatment did not actually cure malaria, but instead just reduced the fever of those with the disease. Nearly a century later, a Scottish physician found that Edward Stones extract could also be used to relieve the symptoms of acute rheumatism. Organic chemists began working with willow bark and many other plants to try and extract and isolate the active ingredients from them, in doing so it was found that the active ingredient was salicylic acid. Salicylic acid was then industrialized for medicinal use, but soon after industrialization it was found that salicylic acid was extremely limited as a treatment because of the acidic properties that cause severe irritation in the digestive tract. In 1 893, Felix Hofmann synthesized ecstatically acid, which has all of the same medicinal benefits as salicylic acid but it did not have the side effect of irritating the digestive tract. Hofmann worked for Brayer, which then named ecstatically acid compound aspirin. Aspirin became commercially available in 1899 and today it is estimated that over a trillion aspirin tablets have been consumed by those in need of its curative effects. In this experiment aspirin was synthesized from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. Salicylic acid was justified using acetic acid and sulfuric acid acting as a catalyst to produce ecstatically acid and acetic acid. The phenol group that will attack the carbonyl carbon of the acetic anhydride is the -OH group that is directly attached to the benzene since it is more basic than the -OH group attached to the carbonyl group. This method of forming ecstatically acid is n sterilization reaction. Since this sterilization reaction is not spontaneous, sulfuric acid was used as a catalyst to initiate the reaction. Sulfuric acid serves as the acid catalyst since its conjugate base is a strong deportation group that is necessary in order for this reaction to be reversible. The need for the strong conjugate base is the reason why other strong acids such as HCI is not used since its conjugate base CLC- is very weak compared to HASH-. After the reaction was complete some unrelated acetic anhydride and salicylic acid was still be present in the solution as well as some sulfuric acid, aspirin, and acetic acid. Crystallization, which uses the principle of solubility, was then used to remove most of the impurities and caused the ecstatically acid to precipitate out of the solution. This precipitation happens because the solvent can no longer hold all of the solute molecules, and the molecules begin to leave the solution and form solid crystals. During this cooling, each solute molecule in turn approaches a growing crystal and rests on the crystal surface. If the geometry of the molecule fits that of the crystal, it will be more likely to remain on the crystal than it is to go back into the solution. Therefore, each growing crystal consists of only one type of molecule, the solute. The ecstatically acids solubility decreased and caused it to gradually precipitate out of the solution while the other compounds were left in solution because they were either a liquid at room temperature or have higher solubility and would not completely crystallize out of the solution. After the solution had come to room temperature, it was carefully submerged in an ice bath to complete the crystallization process. To purify the crude product, water was added to solution to further lower the solubility of ecstatically acid and to solve some of the impurities from the crystal. The chilled solution was then filtered through vacuum filtration to isolate the pure crystals. Vacuum filtration was the technique used for separating the solid aspirin product from the solvent or liquid reaction mixture. The mixture of solid and liquid was poured through a filter paper in a Boucher funnel. The solid aspirin product was trapped by the filter and the liquid was drawn through the funnel into the flask below it by a vacuum. The aspirin product that was collected still contained some impurities. The general reaction equation and the reaction mechanism are as follows: To purify the crude aspirin product a rationalizations procedure needed to be performed to remove impurities and to further purify it. Rationalizations utilizes the different solubility of the desired product and impurities included in the reaction mixture. So, when the solvent cools, only the impurities will remain dissolved and the pure product will crystallize out of the solution. The information we gather will allow us to determine the percent yield of the crude aspirin product and of the purified aspirin product. The percent yield is a way of measuring how successful a reaction has been. Percent yield problems allow us to calculate what percent of the expected product we are able to account for by the end of our experiment. Actual amount of product x 100 Percent yield amount of product Expected Next, a phenol test must be performed to determine the purity of the aspirin product. The impurities that could be in the purified aspirin product could be salicylic acid and other compounds that contain a hydroxyl group on a benzene ring and are known as phenols. Phenols form a highly colored complex with iron (Ill) chloride that can range from a pale to dark purple depending on the incineration of the phenol group present in the solution. Pure aspirin does not contain any phenol groups and should be enervative when mixed with the iron (Ill) chloride solution and should remain orange in color. Another way the purity of the sample is tested is through a melting point test on the purified aspirin product. A pure compound has a specific range in which it melts and it is normally a fairly small range. If the melting point of the purified aspirin sample is lower than the expected or if it has a very broad range compared to the actual range, then the sample still contains some impurities. Experimental: In a 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask add 5 ml of acetic anhydride, 1. Egg of salicylic acid, and 5 drops of sulfuric acid. Swirl the mixture in the Erlenmeyer flask for approximately one minute so that all of its contents have completely dissolved. Heat the mixture using a water bath for 10 minutes. The water bath temperature should not exceed 50 degrees Celsius. While heating the mixture, measure out 70 ml of ODL water and then put it in a 100 ml beaker. Also, set up an ice bath for the mixture in the Erlenmeyer flask as well as a second ice bath for the 100 ml beaker while waiting for the mixture in the Erlenmeyer flask to heat. After he mixture has heated for 10 minutes, remove it from the water bath and allow it to cool to room temperature. Crystallization should begin once the solution reaches room temperature. If crystallization does not occur use a glass stirring rod and with strong force scratch the bottom of the Erlenmeyer flask. Cool the Erlenmeyer flask containing the mixture in the ice bath set up previously for 20 minutes. At the same time place the 100 ml beaker containing 70 ml ODL water in the second ice bath set up previously for 20 minutes. While waiting for those items to cool, set up the vacuum filtration apparatus. After 20 minutes of lolling, take 50 ml of the 70 ml now cooled ODL water from the 100 ml beaker and add it to the 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask that contains the mixture. Leave the 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask that contains the mixture in its ice bath and allow it to cool for an extra 5 minutes. Also leave the remaining 20 ml of DID water in the 100 ml beaker in its ice bath. After cooling for an additional 5 minutes, pour the contents in the ml Erlenmeyer flask into a Boucher funnel attached to the vacuum filtration apparatus. Make sure to get as much of the product into the Boucher funnel as possible. Use the remaining 20 ml of ODL water in the 100 ml shaker to rinse out the 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask and wash the product in the Boucher funnel. Allow the sample to vacuum dry for 5 minutes. While waiting for the sample to vacuum dry weigh a weigh boat. After the sample has dried for 5 minutes, turn off the vacuum filtration apparatus and retrieve the crude product from the Boucher funnel and place it in the previously weighed weigh boat. Weigh the weigh boat with sample inside and record the mass of the crude product formed. Calculate the percent yield of the product formed. Next, place a few crystals of the crude product in a test tube labeled A and put to the side for later use. Reweigh your sample and record the new mass sample. Now place the crude product from the weigh boat in a 25 ml Erlenmeyer flask and add 3 ml of ethyl acetate. Heat the 25 ml Erlenmeyer flask in a water bath (not to exceed 50 degrees Celsius) until all of the product has dissolved. After 5 minutes if the product has not completely dissolved, add ml more of ethyl acetate. Place the 25 ml Erlenmeyer flask containing the product and ethyl acetate directly on the hot plate at 50 degrees Celsius. Raise the temperature of the hot plate to 125 degrees Celsius so that the solution boils. Keep a close eye on the Erlenmeyer flask. Heat the mixture for 5 minutes. After heating the mixture for 5 minutes, gravity filter what is in the 25 ml Erlenmeyer flask through filter paper. Put what goes through the filter paper back in the 25 ml Erlenmeyer flask and add petroleum ether drop by drop until crystals begin to form. If crystals do not form, place the 25 ml Erlenmeyer flask on a hot plate at 125 degrees Celsius with a boiling stone in the mixture. Wait for the mixture to boil and then let it boil for 5 minutes. After boiling for 5 minutes remove the 25 ml Erlenmeyer flask and remove the boiling stone. Allow the mixture to cool to room temperature. Scratch the bottom of the Erlenmeyer flask with a glass stirring rod with strong force. Place the Erlenmeyer flask in an ice bath for 30 minutes. Pour the contents in the 25 ml Erlenmeyer flask into a Boucher funnel attached to a vacuum filtration apparatus. Allow the product to vacuum dry for 5 minutes. While waiting for the sample to vacuum dry weigh a weigh boat. After the sample has dried for 5 minutes, turn off the vacuum filtration apparatus and retrieve the purified product from the Boucher funnel and place it in the previously weighed weigh boat. Weigh the weigh boat with sample inside and record the mass of the reified product formed. Calculate the percent yield of the product formed. Next, place a few crystals of the purified product in a test tube labeled B. Next perform the phenol test. You must have three test tubes, one labeled A with the crude aspirin product in it, one labeled B with the purified aspirin product in it, and one labeled C with salicylic acid in it. The third test tube labeled C is a control. Add 10 drops of iron (Ill) chloride to each test tube. Record the color observations. After recording the color of each test tube dispose of the waste into the appropriate waste container. Next, obtain a capillary tube. Fill the capillary tube with dry purified product. Invert the capillary tube and stick the open end of the capillary tube in the densest part of the crystal sample. Turn the capillary tube back to the upright position. The crystal product will be stuck at the top of the capillary tube. Tap the crystal product down to the bottom of the capillary tube. Load the capillary tube into the melting point apparatus and begin heating. Record the temperature range that the sample melts within. Once the melting point has been determined turn off the apparatus so it may cool and dispose of your capillary tube in the appropriate waste bin. Clean and dry any glassware used and return it to the appropriate location. Results: Conclusion: The mass of the crude aspirin product was 4. 791 g. Due to apparent wetness of the product it is estimated that half of the mass is due to moisture. Taking this into account, the actual mass of the crude aspirin product is reduced to 2. Egg. The theoretical yield of crude aspirin product is 2. Egg. This information gave us a percent yield of 91. 89%. The mass of the purified aspirin product was 0. 301 g. Due to apparent wetness of the product it is estimated that half of the mass is uh to moisture. Taking this into account, the actual mass of the purified aspirin product is reduced to O. Egg. The percent yield of purified aspirin product was 5. 77%. This low percent yield of purified aspirin product was due to a few different factors. The first factor that caused a low percent yield was caused because we lost some crude product when we were moving our crude product from the weigh boat to the 25 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Another factor that could have caused a low percent yield was that when no crystals formed after adding drops of petroleum ether we placed our 25 ml Erlenmeyer flask back on the to plate at 125 degrees Celsius. We could have accidentally boiled off some of our product. The third factor that caused a low percent yield of our purified product was that when we vacuum filtered our purified product, some of our purified product fell through the filter and into the side arm flask. Maybe if we hadnt turned the water on so high it might not have fell through the filter. The results of the phenol test were that test tube A, which contained crude aspirin product, had no change in color and remained orange upon adding iron (Ill) chloride. This led us to believe that our crude aspirin product did not contain NY phenol groups and was pure aspirin. Test tube B, which contained purified aspirin product also had no change in color and remained orange upon adding iron (Ill) chloride. This led us to believe that our purified aspirin product did not contain any phenol group and was pure aspirin. Test tube C, which contained salicylic acid, had an extreme change in color and turned dark purple. This was an expected result because salicylic acid has phenol groups and when iron (Ill) chloride is added it turned dark purple due to the concentration of the phenol groups present in the solution. Test tube C was our control.